Abstract: Based on the panel data of rural provinces from 1995 to 2015 in the mid-stage of industrialization, using statistical descriptions and quantitative analysis methods, this paper studies the impact of rural population transformation on the convergence of dual economic structure, the path of action and its changing trend from the perspective of the structure of agricultural input factors and the transformation of agricultural development mode.It is found that the transition of rural population, characterized by the quantitative preference of high fertility rate to the qualitative preference of high human capital investment rate, has a significant effect on the convergence of dual economic structure.Liu-Fei-La model only points out the necessary conditions for the convergence of dual economic structure. The convergence of dual economic structure in China should be based on the transformation of rural population. While the fertility rate of rural population is declining, the level of human capital should be continuously raised to promote the transformation of the agricultural sector from “Malthusian steady state” to a steady state of sustained growth, thus achieving the unified transformation of dual economic structure.

Key words: rural population transition, quality of labor supply, dual economic structure