Archive

16 November 2017, Volume 59 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Research on the Combinative Effectiveness of Essential Factors of Sharing Economic Business Mode GAO Su-ying1, ZHANG Ye1, WANG Yu-chan2 2017, 59(11): 1-6.  Abstract ( 118 )   To support the theoretical framework of the sharing economic business model, this paper illustrates the core factors and concepts of traditional business model with comprehensive literature review perspective. In order to investigate interior logic of sharing economy in Chinese context and the combinative effectiveness among essential factors of sharing economy, 10 essential factors are selected as independent variables to carry out qualitative comparative analysis of 15 representative enterprises in 9 industries. Research finds essential factors of traditional business model theoretically fits new business model under sharing economy, compared with the traditional business model, enterprises are required less complexity of core factors in business model under the sharing economy, and business model under sharing economy offers enterprises more easy developmental circumstances. However, the question is the conditions under which the suppliers rely on sharing economy platform to ensure supply chain stability,while the key issue of development of sharing economy is whether to establish effective correspondence between platform and suppliers, which is also the crucial concern of sharing economy continuality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Formation Process of Brand Equiby and the Internal Motivation and Stategy of Food Enterprises building Product Traceability System: Research based on the Effect of Signaling Mechanism on Brand Equity Formation SHAN Mi-yuan, XIE Yao-yao, LIU Xiao-hong 2017, 59(11): 7-10.  Abstract ( 73 )   The internal motivation is very improtant in building product traceability system, while the strong demand of enterprises enhancing brand assets can transform into the internal motivation of building product traceability system. Based on SOR model, this paper analyzes the process of signaling mechanism affecting brand equity formation, and constructs the mechanism model of traceability signal promoting brand equity formation, and empirically tests the effect of product traceability information mechanism on brand equity formation by taking infant milk powder industry in China as an example.The rusults show building brand equity is an effect internal motivation for food enterprises to achieve traceability,traceability signals can promote brand equity formation along dual path: the central path is “information quality  information acquisition  brand recognition  brand switching”，and the marginal path is “information credibility  information adoption  brand emotion  brand switching”. The research provides the basis for strategies of building traceability system and quality signal transmission. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Barriers to the Diffusion of New Products Market based on Consumer Cognition: A Mediated Mediation Model YANG Qiang1,MENG Lu1,DONG Ze-rui2 2017, 59(11): 17-24.  Abstract ( 76 )   In the rapid iteration of product market, the key factor in the success of business innovation often lies in the proliferation effect of new products market. Taking the barriers to the diffusion of new products market and its marketing strategy changes as samples, the paper explores the impact of the diffusion of new products in the process of diffusion barriers on consumer buying intentions from the perspective of consumer awareness. The research shows that the difficulty of new product cognition and the cost of new product communication positively affect the perception of functional risk and thus negatively affect consumers′ willingness to purchase; the negative impact of new products positively affects the perception of emotional risk and negatively affects consumer willingness to purchase; consumer innovation plays a moderating role between the two types of risk perception of emotion and function and consumers′ willingness to buy. This research further deepens and refines the research on the problem of new product proliferation and helps to improve the explanatory power of product diffusion theory to the practice of enterprise innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Value Added Tax Relief, Enterprise Tax Burden and Innovation Input: An Analysis based on 2013-2015 Survey Data ZHANG Kai1,LIN Xiao-ling1,FU Zhuo-rong2 2017, 59(11): 33-39.  Abstract ( 98 )   This paper uses the national tax survey data of manufacturing and information services in 2013-2015 to investigate the impact of VAT on enterprise tax burden, sales revenue and innovation input with fixed effect model. The results show that VAT incentives lead to a significant increase in the income tax burden and the actual total tax burden of the general taxpayer, but it will significantly reduce the total actual tax burden for small-scale taxpayers;preferential VAT general taxpayer sales revenue decreased significantly, but increased sales income of small scale taxpayers;the preferential tax increase innovation investment enterprises in the East, but enterprise income tax inhibits innovation investment enterprises in the East; the tax burden of the eastern enterprises is higher than that of the central and western enterprises, but it attracts more innovative investment than the Midwest enterprises. Therefore, we should expand the coverage of VAT, enlarge the object of value added tax preference, deduct the scope of the project, and considerate efficiency and fairness, to reduce enterprises value added tax burden in the East, and let the western local governments have more value added tax into proportion, so as to increase innovation investment and narrow regional differences. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Monetary Policy and Term Structure of Interest Rate in China: An Analysis based on the Perspective of No-arbitrage Taylor Rule GUO Jun-fang1，WANG Xue-biao2, ZHOU Sheng-bao3 2017, 59(11): 40-50.  Abstract ( 69 )   The long-term interest rate information plays an important guiding role in the formulation of monetary policy, and is related to the implementation effect of monetary policy. The paper uses the affine no-arbitrage macro-financial model to construct benchmark, backward, forward-looking and forward-backward mixed-type no-arbitrage four Taylor rules that include the complete information of the yield curve. By comparing with the traditional Taylor single equation model, the paper examines whether medium and long term interest rate information have a significant impact on the reaction of interest rate rules to macroeconomy.The empirical study indicates that the response of the long-term interest rate to the macroeconomic and the macro-variables endogenous volatility have reduced the response of the interest rate to the output, and been more positive for inflation, but still less than 1;The macro-consistent expectation information provided by term structure of interest rate makes the no-arbitrage forward-looking and mixed-type rules effectively avoid the excessive stimulation to output led by the single equation model,which lacks high-quality forward-looking information, while the inflation response is significant and pro-cyclical; to some extent, China′s monetary policy has the law that is characterized by the no-arbitrage forward-backward mixed-type Taylor rule. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Effect of Institutional Environment on the Term Structure of Corporate Bond Issuing in China TANG Tie-qiang 2017, 59(11): 51-60.  Abstract ( 70 )   Institutional environment, as an important factor affecting enterprises financing cost,investors′ income and risk, has become a necessary consideration for the financing term selection of the related parties. Corporate bond financing relies more on open credit evaluation and effective investor protection mechanism than credit financing. Considering the imbalance between regional development and different institutional environments in China, does the impact of institutional environment exist and what are its characteristics?This paper explores the effect and mechanism of institutional environment such as law and government governance, on the term structure of corporate bond issuing in China by utilizing the bond data from 30 provinces between 2009 and 2015. Empirical study finds there exist significant negative relations between law environment, government intervention, market oriented financial development, intermediary services and bond term structure, which resembles those of China's bank credit characteristics but are contrary to relevant western literature. Government intervention contributes to the abnormal features in China's corporate bond issuing by way of direct government supports and supervisory negotiation for local enterprises. The results show that government intervention is the most important informal institution while formal institutions are still developing in China.The Conclusion depicts the unique role of China′s institutional environment in the process of corporate borel financing, which demonstrates the significance of strengthening and improving the relevant laws of market economy to the healthy development of enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Does the Rise of House Prices have a Restraining Effect on the City Innovation in China? An Empirical Analysis based on Panel Data of 35 Large and Medium-sized Cities LI Wei1, HONG Tao2,LI Cai-yun1 2017, 59(11): 61-66.  Abstract ( 108 )   The implementation of innovation-driven strategy is an important support for China′s economic transformation. To clarify the influence mechanism and eliminate the obstacles of urban innovation is the main ideas to improve Chinese urban innovation level. From the perspective of urban housing price management, this paper analyzes the linkage mechanism, effect evaluation and policy choice between house prices and urban innovation, and results show that the present house prices rise hinders urban innovation overall, especially in the first-tier and second-tier cities; the influence mechanism includes the following three ways: knowledge employee mobility, enterprise R&D intensity and the proportion of science and education expenditure in government finance, and the mediating effect shows a declining situation in turn. The local government should position the house price management as an important tool to promote urban innovation: the first-tier cities with excessive rise in house prices should strengthen the control of house prices, the second-tier cities with slight rise should actively promote the return of house prices to normal levels, and the third tier cities should maintain the house price within the existing reasonable range; as to the specific measures, the first and second tier cities should focus on promoting the industrial upgrading of the city, relying on the development of middle and high-level industries to digest the rising pressure of house prices, third tier cities can accept the industrial transfer of the first and second tier cities, relying on low house prices to increase the introduction of talent to provide the necessary talent reserves for urban innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Accounting Carbon Emissions Embodied in China′s Foreign Trade based on Value Added Trade JIA Jing-xue 2017, 59(11): 67-75.  Abstract ( 71 )   Based on the perspective of value added trade, this paper constructs a new method to account the carbon emissions embodied in China′s foreign trade under the division of global value chain by using the world environment input-output model. Then the paper accounts carbon emissions embodied in China′s foreign trade from the national level, the bilateral trade level and the industry level respectively. The results show that: on the whole, China is a net exporter of embodied carbon emissions, and the net embodied carbon emissions calculated by the new method are significantly higher than the traditional methods; from the perspective of different trading partners, the carbon emissions embodied in China′s exports to the United States, the European Union, East Asia, and other developed countries or regions, are higher than the imports from these countries or regions; from the perspective of different technology manufacturing, during the period 1995-2009, the carbon emissions embodied in the three types of technology manufacturing exports were higher than their imports, and the carbon emissions embodied in high-tech manufacturing trade were significantly higher than the low-tech and medium-tech manufacturing. This study is expected to restore China′s true carbon emissions embodied in trade under the global value chain division through different levels of inspection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Calculation and Decomposition on Trade Cost of China′s Fresh Apples Export ZHANG Cong-ying, HUO Xue-xi 2017, 59(11): 76-81.  Abstract ( 93 )   In order to promote the development of China′s apple export trade and provide a new micro interpretation perspective, the paper builds an improved gravity model to calculate and decompose the trade cost of China′s fresh apples export to 20 major trading partners from 2004 to 2013 based on Anderson & van Wincoop（2003）trade cost theory. The results reveal that trade openness of China′s fresh apples export has improved while trade cost of export has been on a decline from 2004 to 2013; trade cost of China′s apples export varies with the absolute difference of per capita GDP negatively, absenting “Linder Effect” ;trade openness is negatively correlated with the trade cost; geographic distance, average nominal tariff levels, the RMB real effective exchange rate and adjacent land are unnecessary influence factors on the trade cost of China′s fresh apples export to major trading partners. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

China′s Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Energy Import：An Empirical Test of OFDI Motivation Hypothesis in Chinese Enterprises WEI Zhan-jun1, YANG Hong-en2 2017, 59(11): 82-87.  Abstract ( 83 )   In recent years, China′s outward foreign direct investment and energy imports have increased rapidly, and they promote each other by judging from experience. Based on the data of China′s foreign direct investment and energy import in the past years of 2000-2014, the relationship between the two variables is tested by the 3SLS method. The results show that, on the whole, there is a two-way causality between China′s foreign direct investment and energy import, but this mutual promotion is evident to developing countries, while to developed countries it only shows that foreign direct investment will promote energy imports, and energy imports have no significant impact on China′s overseas direct investment in developed countries. Therefore, resource seeking OFDI has become and should become an important trend of China′s foreign direct investment, and Chinese government should encourage further increase direct investment in energy exploitation in the field of energy rich countries of state owned enterprises. In addition, investment in developed countries should also be strengthened to obtain reverse technology spillovers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Executive′s Pay Gap, Strategic Innovation and Firm Performance: the Moderating Effect of Managerial Power SHAO Jian-bing1，LI Wei2 2017, 59(11): 88-96.  Abstract ( 96 )   Executive′s pay-gap is one of the most important incentive mechanisms in the corporate governance framework. This paper analyzes the influence path among executive′s pay-gap, strategic innovation and firm performance, with the firm behavior theoretical framework, and the moderating effect of managerial power. This paper finds that with the increase of executive′s pay-gap, managers will exercise higher degree strategic innovation; strategic innovation behavior will directly influence firm performance; managerial power has positively moderating effect on the relation above. Those conclusions helps to explain the mechanism in the black-box of executive pay-gap, and helps to understand the influence of managerial power on the relationship between executive incentive mechanism and strategic change. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Umbrella Model: A Formative Mechanism of the Enterprise Employees′ Expectation on the Pay Increase SHAO Jian-ping，CHEN Hao，CAO Ling-yan 2017, 59(11): 97-108.  Abstract ( 83 )   Employees will necessarily tend to make realistic and definite expectations on how much the salary will be increased as soon as they are informed with the raise signal. Whether this expectation is properly measured and satisfied, it has a series of broad influences on employee′s behavior, psychology and value equivalence perception. As a result, although 18 factors play a role in the formation of psychological expectations for employees′ pay rise, the psychological expectation of employees′ momentary increase in salary takes the level of the above pay rise as the main factor and the base of the expected increase in salary. The paper gets the inner and clear psychological expectations of the salary increase, by taking three factors, such as job performance, job level and external salary as the factors to make clear psychological correction to the base number and fuzzy correction of the raise base. The paper defines the formative mechanism of the enterprise employees′ expectation on the pay increases as Umbrella Model. This model vividly depicts the internal mechanism of the formation process of psychological expectations of employee′s pay rise, and explains the logical relationship between factor system and decision conclusion in the process, and explains the formation and importance of psychological expectations of salary increase from the perspective of more essential value equivalence, which is beneficial to guide the practice of pay increase more scientifically. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Effect of Corporate Political Connection on Stock Price Crash Risk: An Analysis based on the intermediary Mechanism of Earnings Management XUE Hong-gang, WANG Dian, HE Qiao 2017, 59(11): 109-116.  Abstract ( 68 )   In recent years, the phenomenon of stock price crash is becoming even more violet in Chinese stock market, so it is urgent to strengthen its risk control. From the perspective that there is a special relationship between government and enterprises and based on enterprises which listed on Growth Enterprise Market from 2009 to 2012, this study examines the effect of political connection on enterprises′ stock price crash risk and further analyzes the intermediary mechanism of earnings management. The study finds that, political connection has a significant positive relationship with stock price crash risk; path test reveals that the actual earnings management is part mediating factor while the accrual earnings management is complete mediating factor in the formation of corporate political connection crash effect. These indicates that the political connection provides the surplus control space for enterprises, which decreases the quality of corporate financial information and increases the corporate′s stock price crash risk. This study is more of Chinese local characteristics and proposes new thinking to the analysis of stock price crash risk. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Evolutionary Game Analysis and Motivation Strategies Research of FDI Enterprises Environmental Innovation Behavior JIN Ji-yao1,2,DU Jian-guo1,3,JIN Shuai1 2017, 59(11): 117-126.  Abstract ( 94 )   Based on the purpose of stimulating the initiative and enthusiasm of FDI enterprises environmental innovation behavior, by analyzing the profit and rights of stakeholders participating in the environmental innovation behavior of FDI enterprises in the social systems, the tripartite evolutionary game model including the host government，FDI enterprises and parent company is built. System dynamics theory is introduced to construct the SD evolutionary game model and make related analysis by assigning values. The results show: the three parties all get the stable state by constantly adjusting their strategies according to the profits;the environmental regulation of host country and cross-border environmental management of parent company are not the determinants for implementing environmental behavior of FDI enterprises;different regulation intensity have different effects on the possibility of FDI enterprises′ environmental innovation behavior;highly centralized and unified cross-border environmental management strategy may reduce the risk of subsidiary′s bad environmental behavior, but inhibit the environmental innovation behavior at the same time. The policy implications of the above conclusions are that innovation cost and profit are the enterprises′ motive of implementing environmental innovation behavior and the foothold of stakeholders′ regulation and management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Which Industrial Policy Do We Need? Discussion about Industrial Policy between Lin Yifu and Zhang Weiying JIANG Da-yang 2017, 59(11): 127-132.  Abstract ( 81 )   In 2016, the discussion about the availability of the industrial policy between Lin Yifu and Zhang Weiying has become the focus of the economic research. The former praised the industrial policy highly and advocated the government to support the industries with potential comparative advantage to encourage the innovative activity and accelerate the development of the infant industries; the latter held opposite opinions to the industrial policy with the angle of the economic paradigm, the unpredictability of the innovation and the agency mechanism of the officials. By reviewing the opinions of this discussion, and combining the history of the modern economy, this paper puts forward introducing the competitive industrial policy and compromising the market mechanism and the governmental functions to make concessions to their opinion. At last, it extracted the ideological implication of the socialist market economy with Chinese characters. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Relative Housing Price Difference and Regional Industrial Structure: An Empirical Analysis based on Provincial Panel Data in China CHEN Xiao, ZHANG Wen-jie 2017, 59(11): 133-140.  Abstract ( 75 )   In the face of large-scale domestic regional industrial transfer phenomenon, this paper selects 2003-2015 panel data of 31 regions in China and uses the method of static two-way fixed effect model and dynamic SYS-GMM model to analyze the influence of relative housing prices on industrial structure. The results show that: in other conditions remaining unchanged, relative housing price shows an inverted “U” relationship with the second industry output value ratio and the proportion of employment, and show a significant positive correlation with the third industry employment and output, that is, when the relative housing price exceeds 3.25, there is crowding out effect on the employment of the second industry in the areas with high housing price, but it has a promoting effect on the employment and output of the third industry; in addition,impact of relative wage, education conditions and the convenience degree of traffic on the second or third industry is also different, but the air quality variables significantly indicate that China has been the phenomenon of environmental migration. Therefore, different regions should formulate reasonable housing policy and industrial development plan according to their own industrial development status. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An Analysis of the Auditing Mechanism of Online P2P Lending Market ZHOU Zheng-long, MA Ben-jiang, HU Feng-ying 2017, 59(11): 141-152.  Abstract ( 66 )   According to the adverse selection in the implementation of online P2P lending contract under asymmetric information, this paper provides an auditing mechanism based on the optimal contract to improve configuration efficiency of China′s online P2P lending contract. By analyzing incentive feasible lending contract, the output level of arbitrage borrower isn′t distorted, while the output level of arbitrage borrower is distorted, and only the non-arbitrage borrower gets a strictly positive information rent; in order to relax the incentive condition of no-arbitrage borrower, the paper introduces an auditing mechanism to improve the efficiency of resource allocation contract, relaxes the assumption that the lenders promise to implement the mechanism, and the audit mechanism is extended to a model of incomplete commitment; the paper further discusses the impact of the borrower′s distribution probability, the lenders′ auditing and committing probability on the allocative efficiency of online P2P lending contract by using example simulation. This study has some inspiration to build the financial contract of China′s online P2P lending market. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Influence Factors and Income Effects of the Adjustment of Corn Planting Structure under the Abolition of Temporary Storage Policy:An Analysis based on the Survey Data of Sickle Bend Area in Heilongjiang Province CUI Ning-bo，ZHANG Zheng-yan 2017, 59(11): 153-163.  Abstract ( 76 )   The paper uses DID model to quantitatively evaluate the household income change of farmers that participate in the adjustment of corn planting structure or not in sickle bend area, and also uses the binary logistic model to further study the willingness of farmers to participate in structural adjustment. The results show that farmers′ participation in maize planting structural adjustment reduces the loss of agricultural income caused by the downward price of maize, which is manifested as a positive effect on agricultural income. The effect of maize planting structure adjustment on farmer′s income increase is not significant, but the overall implementation of planting structure adjustment has a positive impact on the total household income of farmers; for non-regulated households, reducing maize area can also reduce agricultural income losses, but this behavior directly reducing maize farmland without structural adjustment is not conducive to the improvement of household income. There is a significant positive correlation between the level of education, whether to understand the subsidy policy and the willingness to adjust; among the characteristic factors of farmer production, the area of corn planting and the number of agricultural training are significant to planting structure, and the distance from the nearest town, the transportation situation, neighborhood planting behavior are also important factors affecting the willingness of farmers to adjust the structure. At present, it′s not enough and sustainable that income effect of agricultural planting structure adjustment is only reflected on the reduction of corn price loss to a certain extent. It must be truly reflected in the growth of peasants′ income. Therefore, government needs to increase its investment in agricultural subsidies, services, investment and transformation of production methods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Deviation of CPI and Residents′ Price Perception in China:Quantitative Measure, Factor Analysis and Countermeasures ZHANG Jun-tao，WU Yu 2017, 59(11): 164-171.  Abstract ( 74 )   Since 2000, China′s monetary policy has been constantly adjusted according to the economic situation, maintaining the basic stability of prices, but residents′ price perception is obviously different from the actual increase of CPI. Based on the questionnaire survey results of the People′s Bank of China in 340 cities nationwide and ICPS, CPI, M2Q time series data, this study empirically investigates the relationship between CPI and the residents′ price perception by using VAR impulse analysis method and others. The research shows that there is a certain degree of deviation between CPI and the residents′ price perception in China, and compared with the changes of the money supply sequences, the deviation is significant. Due to the limitations of CPI itself and price control, CPI is not the best indicator to measure inflation in China, which may weaken the early-warning of macro-economy; whether it is the adjustment of the current CPI system or the establishment of an effective indicator system to measure inflation, the residents′ price perception factor should be emphasized. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Dynamic Measurement and Regional Difference of Unit Labor Cost in Non-agriculture Sector of China SHEN Yong-tao1,2,ZHOU Qiang3 2017, 59(11): 172-177.  Abstract ( 72 )   With economy of China is stepping into the “new normal”, both economic growth and TFP have presented a downward tendency. However, the key to improving TFP is to reduce the unit labor cost (ULC).This paper measures ULC of non-agriculture sector in China and its change with the data between 1995 and 2014, and compares ULC in 7 representative provinces in the central and eastern regions. The result shows that the rate of wages of non-agriculture sector increases faster than that of labor productivity in the nationwide, and ULC steps into a long-term increase,which is due to the situation in the eastern region is more prominent, and its economic volume accounted for a large proportion, which greatly affected the results; ULC of non-agriculture sector in central regions is higher, but growth is relatively slow, and the labor productivity in Central China has risen faster than the level of wage growth, resulting in the relative decline of unit labor cost in Central China, and its competitiveness and quality of development have been continuously improved. Improving labor productivity is an effective way to alleviate the pressure of unit labor costs. In this respect, the eastern region has the basic advantages, and the central region has more potential. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Relationship between Entrepreneurial Learning, Entrepreneurial Alertness and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification of Farmers:A Mediating Effect Model and Its Enlightenment ZHANG Xiu-e, XU Xue-jiao 2017, 59(11): 178-186.  Abstract ( 73 )   Promoting farmers entrepreneurship is an important measure to solve the “three rural issues”, and entrepreneurial learning helps to improve the probability of entrepreneurial opportunity identification. According to the theory of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, this study constructs the mediating effect model of entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity identification of farmers, and uses SPSS and AMOS software to empirically analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity identification of farmers through collecting the questionnaire survey from farmer entrepreneurs in six provinces.The results show that entrepreneurial learning and each dimension has positive impact on the entrepreneurial opportunities identification, entrepreneurial learning and each dimension has significant positive influence on entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial alertness and each dimension has positive impact on farmers′ entrepreneurial opportunity identification, and entrepreneurial alertness plays a partial mediating role between entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition of farmers. The results of this study will help to explore the path of improving the ability of opportunities identifying of farmer entrepreneurs, and promote the development of rural innovation and entrepreneurial economy of our country. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Regulation of Refusal to Transact under Anti-monopoly Law in the Context of “Internet+” LIU Jia, ZHANG Wei 2017, 59(11): 187-192.  Abstract ( 87 )   Refusal to transact is one kind of abusing of dominant market position. In the context of the Internet, refusal to transact presents a series of new forms: incompatibility by refusing to authorize or use the standard, refusing to use intellectual property rights, and refusing to use essential facilities. The regulation of this behavior should based on the identification of illegality, which includes four elements: subject, object, effect and defense reason. Thus, the next step is to balance the positive and negative effects of the behavior. If the negative effect is greater than the positive effect, the behavior should be prohibited; conversely, it should be exempted. References | Related Articles | Metrics